Everything about Louis Macneice totally explained
Frederick Louis MacNeice (
September 12,
1907 –
September 3,
1963) was a
British and
Irish poet and
playwright. He was part of the generation of "
thirties poets" which included
W. H. Auden,
Stephen Spender and
C. Day Lewis; nicknamed 'MacSpaunday' as a group. His body of work was widely appreciated by the public during his lifetime, due in part to his relaxed, but socially and emotionally aware style. Never as overtly (or simplistically) political as some of his contemporaries, his work shows a humane opposition to totalitarianism as well as an acute awareness of his Irish roots.
He wrote in the introduction to his
Autumn Journal:
Life
Ireland, 1907–1917
Louis MacNeice (known as Freddie until his teens, when he adopted his middle name) was born in
Belfast, the youngest son of John Frederick and Elizabeth Margaret ("Lily") MacNeice. Both were originally from the west of Ireland. Lily MacNeice died in December
1914 after a series of illnesses including uterine cancer, depression and finally tuberculosis (MacNeice later described the cause of his mother's death as "obscure", and blamed his mother's cancer on his own difficult birth). His brother William, who had
Down's syndrome, had been sent to live in an institution in
Scotland during his mother's terminal illness. Shortly after John MacNeice married Georgina Greer in early
1917, Louis's sister Elizabeth was sent to board at a
preparatory school in
Sherborne,
England. Louis joined her in Sherborne preparatory school later in the year.
School, 1917–1926
MacNeice was generally happy at Sherborne, which gave an education concentrating on the
classics (Greek and Latin) and literature (including the memorising of poetry). He was an enthusiastic sportsman, something which continued when he moved to
Marlborough College in 1921, having won a classical scholarship. Marlborough was a less happy place, with a hierarchical and sometimes cruel social structure, but MacNeice's interest in ancient literature and civilisation deepened and expanded to include Egyptian and Norse mythology. He was a contemporary of
John Betjeman and
Anthony Blunt, forming a lifelong friendship with the latter, and writing poetry and essays for the school magazines. By the end of his time at the school, MacNeice was sharing a study with Blunt and also sharing his aesthetic tastes (though not his sexual ones – Blunt said MacNeice was "totally, irredeemably heterosexual"). In November 1925, MacNeice was awarded a "Postmastership" scholarship to
Merton College,
Oxford, and he left Marlborough in the summer of the following year.
Oxford, 1926–1930
It was during his first year as a student at Oxford that MacNeice first met
W. H. Auden, who had gained himself a reputation as the University's foremost poet during the preceding year.
Stephen Spender and
Cecil Day-Lewis were already part of Auden's circle, but MacNeice's closest Oxford friends were John Hilton and
Graham Shepard, who had been with him at Marlborough. MacNeice threw himself into the aesthetic culture, publishing poetry in literary magazines
The Cherwell and
Sir Galahad, organising candle-lit readings of
Shelley and
Marlowe, and visiting
Paris with Hilton. In
1928 he was introduced to the classics don
John Beazley and his stepdaughter Mary Ezra. A year later he thought to soften the news that he'd been arrested for drunkenness by telegraphing his father to say he was engaged to be married. John MacNeice (by now
Archdeacon of
Connor, and a
Bishop a few years later) was horrified to discover his son was engaged to a
Jew, and Ezra's family demanded assurances that William's
Down's syndrome wasn't hereditary. Amidst this turmoil,
Blind Fireworks was published by
Gollancz, dedicated to "Giovanna" (Mary's full name was Giovanna Marie Thérèse Babette). In 1930 the couple were married at Oxford Registry Office, neither set of parents attending the ceremony. He was awarded a first-class degree in
literae humaniores, and had already gained an appointment as Assistant Lecturer in Classics at the
University of Birmingham.
Birmingham, 1930–1936
The newlyweds were found lodgings in Birmingham by
E. R. Dodds and his wife – Dodds was Professor of Greek (and later to be MacNeice's
literary executor), and his wife Bet was a lecturer in the Department of English. The MacNeices lived in a former coachman's cottage in the grounds of a house in
Selly Park belonging to another professor, Philip Sargant Florence.
Birmingham was a very different university (and city) to Oxford, MacNeice wasn't a natural lecturer, and he found it difficult to write poetry. He turned instead to a semi-autobiographical novel,
Roundabout Way, which was published in
1932 under the name of Louis Malone (as he feared a novel by an academic wouldn't be favourably reviewed).
The local Classical Association included
George Augustus Auden, Professor of Public Health and father of
W. H. Auden, and by
1932 MacNeice and Auden's Oxford acquaintance had turned into a close friendship. Auden knew many
Marxists, and Blunt had also become a
communist by this time, but MacNeice (although sympathetic to the left) was always sceptical of easy answers and "the armchair reformist".
The Strings are False (written at the time of the
Nazi-Soviet Pact) describes his wish for a change in society and even revolution, but also his intellectual opposition to Marxism and especially the glib communism embraced by many of his friends.
MacNeice started to write poetry again, and in January
1933 he and Auden led the first edition of
Geoffrey Grigson's magazine
New Verse. MacNeice also started sending poems to
T. S. Eliot at around this time, and although Eliot didn't feel that they merited
Faber and Faber publishing a volume of poems, several were published in Eliot's journal
The Criterion.
On the 15th of May 1934, Louis and Mary's son Daniel John MacNeice was born. In September of that year, MacNeice travelled to Dublin with Dodds (who had
republican sympathies) and met
William Butler Yeats. Unsuccessful attempts at playwriting and another novel were followed in September 1935 by
Poems, the first of his collections for Faber and Faber. In November, Mary left MacNeice and their infant son for a Russian-American graduate student called Charles Katzmann. MacNeice engaged a nurse to look after Dan, and his sister and stepmother also helped on occasion. In early 1936, Blunt and MacNeice visited Spain shortly after the election of the Popular Front government. Auden and MacNeice travelled to Iceland in the summer of that year, which resulted in
Letters from Iceland, a collection of poems, letters (some in verse) and essays. In October MacNeice left Birmingham for a lecturing post in the Department of Greek at
Bedford College for Women, part of the
University of London.
London, 1936–1940
MacNeice moved into Geoffrey Grigson's former flat in
Hampstead with Daniel and his nurse. His translation of
Aeschylus's
Agamemnon was published in late
1936, and produced by the
Group Theatre (London). Shortly afterwards his divorce from Mary was finalised. They continued to write frequent affectionate letters to one another, although Mary married Katzmann shortly after the divorce, and MacNeice started an affair with
Nancy Coldstream. Nancy was, like her husband
Bill, a painter and a friend of Auden (who had introduced the couple to MacNeice while they were in Birmingham). MacNeice and Nancy visited the
Hebrides in
1937, which resulted in a book written by MacNeice with illustrations by Nancy,
I Crossed the Minch.
August 1937 saw the appearance of
Letters from Iceland (which had been finished by the two authors in MacNeice's London home the previous year), and towards the end of the year a play called
Out of the Picture was published and produced by the
Group Theatre (music was written for the production by
Benjamin Britten, as he'd done previously for
Agamemnon). In
1938, Faber and Faber published a second collection of poems,
The Earth Compels, the
Oxford University Press published
Modern Poetry, and Nancy once again contributed illustrations to a book about London Zoo, called simply
Zoo.
As the year (and his relationship with Nancy) drew to a close, he started work on
Autumn Journal. By Christmas, Nancy was in love with
Stephen Spender's brother Michael (who she was later to marry), and at the end of the year MacNeice visited
Barcelona shortly before the city fell to
Francisco Franco. The poem was finished by February
1939, and published in May. It is widely viewed as MacNeice's masterpiece, recording his feelings as the
Spanish civil war raged and the
United Kingdom headed towards
war with
Germany, as well as his personal concerns and reflections over the past decade.
During the Easter vacation that year, MacNeice made a brief lecture tour of various American universities, also meeting up with Mary and Charles Katzmann and giving a reading with Auden and
Christopher Isherwood in New York (attended by
John Berryman, and at which Auden met
Chester Kallman for the first time). MacNeice also met the writer
Eleanor Clark in New York, and arranged to spend the next academic year on sabbatical so that he could be with her. A lectureship at
Cornell University was organised, and in December 1939 MacNeice sailed for America, leaving his son in Ireland. Cornell proved a success but the relationship with Eleanor did not, and MacNeice was back in London by the end of
1940. He worked as a freelance journalist (he had resigned from his lecturing position at Bedford College while in America) and was awaiting the publication of
Plant and Phantom, which was dedicated to Clark (the previous year, the
Cuala Press had published
The Last Ditch, a limited edition containing some poems which would appear in the new volume). In early
1941, MacNeice was employed by the
BBC.
War and afterwards, 1941–1963
MacNeice's work for the BBC initially involved writing and producing
radio programmes intended to build support for the
USA, and later
Russia – cultural programmes emphasising links between the countries rather than outright
propaganda. A critical work on
W. B. Yeats (which he'd been working on since the poet's death in 1939) was published early in
1941, as were
Plant and Phantom and
Poems 1925–1940 (an American anthology). At the end of the year, MacNeice started a relationship with
Hedli Anderson, and they were married in July
1942, three months after the death of his father. Brigid Corinna MacNeice (known by her second name like her parents, or as "Bimba") was born a year later. By the end of the war MacNeice had written well over sixty scripts for the BBC and a further collection of poems,
Springboard. The radio play
Christopher Columbus, produced in 1942 and later published as a book, featured music by
William Walton, conducted by
Adrian Boult, and starred
Laurence Olivier.
1943's
He Had a Date (loosely based on the life and death of MacNeice's friend Graham Shepard but also semi-autobiographical) was also published, as was
The Dark Tower (
1946, again with music by Britten).
Dylan Thomas acted in some of MacNeice's plays during this period, and the two poets (both heavy drinkers) also became social companions.
In
1947, the BBC sent MacNeice to report on
Indian independence and
partition, and he continued to produce plays for the corporation, including a six-part radio adaptation of
Goethe's
Faust in
1949.
1948's collection of poems,
Holes in the Sky, met with a less favourable reception than previous books. In
1950 he was given eighteen months' leave to become Director of the British Institute in
Athens, run by the
British Council.
Patrick Leigh Fermor had previously been Deputy Director of the Institute, and he and his wife became close friends of the MacNeices.
Ten Burnt Offerings, poems written in Greece, were broadcast by the BBC in
1951 and published the following year. The MacNeices returned to England in August 1951, and Dan (who had been at an English boarding school) left for America in early
1952 to stay with his mother, to avoid
national service. Dan would return to England in
1953, but went to live permanently with his mother after a legal battle with MacNeice.
In
1953 MacNeice wrote
Autumn Sequel, a long autobiographical poem in
terza rima, which critics compared unfavourably with
Autumn Journal. The death of Dylan Thomas came partway through the writing of the poem, and MacNeice involved himself in memorials for the poet and attempts to raise money for his family.
1953 and
1954 brought lecture and performance tours of the USA (husband and wife would present an evening of song, monologue and poetry readings), and meetings with
John Berryman (on the returning boat in 1953, and later in London) and Eleanor Clark (by now married to
Robert Penn Warren). MacNeice travelled to
Egypt in
1955 and
Ghana in
1956 on lengthy assignments for the BBC. Another poorly received collection of poems,
Visitations, was published in
1957, and the MacNeices bought a holiday home on the Isle of Wight from
J. B. Priestley (an acquaintance since MacNeice's arrival in London twenty years earlier). However, the marriage was starting to become strained. MacNeice was drinking increasingly heavily, and having more or less serious affairs with other women. At this time MacNeice became increasingly independent of spirit, spending time with other writers, includng
Dominic Behan with whom he regularly drank to oblivion; the two men spent a particularly drunken night in the home of Cecil Woodham-Smith during a curious meeting in Ireland whilst Behan was working on assignment as a writer for
Life magazine whilst MacNeice was on assignment with the BBC, during the trip which allegedly lasted some weeks neither writer managed to successfuly file their copy.
MacNeice was awarded the
CBE in the
1958 New Year's Honours list. A
South African trip in
1959 was followed by the start of his final relationship, with the actress
Mary Wimbush, who had performed in his plays since the forties. Hedli asked MacNeice to leave the family home in late
1960. In early
1961,
Solstices was published, and in the middle of the year MacNeice became a half-time employee at the BBC, leaving him six months a year to work on his own projects. By this time he was "living on alcohol", and eating very little, but still writing (including a commissioned work on astrology, which he viewed as "hack-work"). In August
1963 he went caving in Yorkshire to gather sound effects for his final radio play,
Persons from Porlock. Caught in a storm on the moors, he didn't change out of his wet clothes until he was home in
Hertfordshire.
Bronchitis evolved into viral
pneumonia, and he was admitted to hospital on the 27th of August, dying there on the 3rd of September. He was buried in
Carrowdore churchyard in
County Down, with his mother. His final book of poems,
The Burning Perch, was published a few days after his funeral – Auden, who gave a reading at MacNeice's memorial service, described the poems of his last two years as "among his very best".
Influence
MacNeice has inspired many poets since his death, particularly those from the North of Ireland. There has been a movement to reclaim him as an Irish writer rather than a satellite of Auden (see, for example, K. Devine and A. J. Peacock,
Louis MacNeice and His Influence, ISBN 0-86140-391-6).
Michael Longley has edited two selections of his work, and
Paul Muldoon gives more space to MacNeice than to any other author in his
Faber Book of Contemporary Irish Poetry (which covers the period from the death of
W. B. Yeats until
1986). Muldoon and
Derek Mahon have both written elegies for MacNeice, Mahon's coming after a pilgrimage to the poet's grave in the company of Longley and
Seamus Heaney in
1965. At the time of MacNeice's death, John Berryman described him as "one of my best friends", and wrote an elegy in
Dream Song #267.
Works
Poetry
- Blind Fireworks (1929, mainly considered by MacNeice to be juvenilia and excluded from the 1949 Collected Poems)
- Poems (1935)
- Letters from Iceland (1937, with W. H. Auden, poetry and prose)
- The Earth Compels (1938)
- Autumn Journal (1939)
- The Last Ditch (1940)
- Plant and Phantom (1941)
- Springboard (1944)
- Holes in the Sky (1948)
- Collected Poems, 1925-1948 (1949)
- Ten Burnt Offerings (1952)
- Autumn Sequel (1954)
- Visitations (1957)
- Solstices (1961)
- The Burning Perch (1963)
- "Star-gazer" (1963)
Selected Poems (1964, edited by W. H. Auden)
Collected Poems (1966, edited by E. R. Dodds)
Selected Poems (1988, edited by Michael Longley)
Plays
The Agamemnon of Aeschylus (1936])
Out of the Picture (1937)
Christopher Columbus (1944, radio)
"He Had a Date" (1944, radio, not published separately)
The Dark Tower and other radio scripts (1947)
Goethe's Faust (1949, published 1951)
The Mad Islands [1962] and The Administrator [1961] (1964, radio)
Persons from Porlock [1963] and other plays for radio (1969)
One for the Grave: a modern morality play [1958] (1968)
Selected Plays of Louis MacNeice, ed. Alan Heuser and Peter McDonald (1993)
MacNeice also wrote several plays which were never produced, and many for the BBC which were never published.
Fiction
Roundabout Way (1932, as "Louis Malone")
The Sixpence That Rolled Away (1956, for children)
Non-fiction
I Crossed the Minch (1938, travel)
Modern Poetry: a personal essay (1938, criticism)
Zoo (1938)
The Poetry of W. B. Yeats (1941)
The Strings Are False (1941, published 1965, autobiography)
Meet the US Army (1943)
Astrology (1964)
Varieties of Parable (1965, criticism)
Selected Prose of Louis MacNeice, ed. Alan Heuser (1990)Further Information
Get more info on 'Louis Macneice'.
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